I. Closure 1. Definition of closure Closures are a special mechanism in programming languages, belonging to higher-order functions. Specifically, theyoccur when: 1. functions are nested (a function is defined inside another function);2. the inner function uses variables (or parameters) of the outer function; and3. the outer function returns a value from the inner function. 2. … Read more
Definition A tree is a non-linear data structure consisting of a finite set of n (n≥0) nodes: Key terms the term definition Root node The topmost node of a tree, with no parent node (like the “root directory” of a file system). Parent node/child node If node A directly contains node B, then A is the parent … Read more
I. Understanding Django Views A Django view is a Python function that takes a web request and returns a web response. View functions process data received from the user, interact with the model (if needed), and return an HttpResponse object containing HTML content or another type of response. 1. Create a basic view The first … Read more
Are you still frustrated by sudden crashes in your Grado app with no apparent cause? Are you unable to reproduce bug reports from users? This article will guide you through the core mechanisms of the Grado logging system, providing three practical tips and two real-world case studies to help you easily pinpoint problems, optimize performance, … Read more
Logging is a crucial aspect of Python application development. It helps us track application runtime status, debug problems, and analyze performance bottlenecks. Python’s standard library provides a module called `logging` that makes implementing logging functionality easy. 1. Import the logging module First, we need to import the logging module: 2. Configure logging Before using logging, … Read more
Preparation Before we begin, we need to ensure that we have a Python environment installed and a basic understanding of Python syntax. Additionally, we need a log file as sample data. Here, we assume the log file is formatted as one log entry per line, with each entry containing a timestamp, log level, module name, … Read more
1. Built-in class Numeric types: int (integer), float (floating-point number), complex (complex number); Sequence types: list, tuple, str, bytes (byte sequence), bytearray (mutable byte sequence), memoryview (memory view); Collection types: set (mutable collection), frozenset (immutable collection); Mapping type: dict (dictionary); Other: bool (a subclass of int), NoneType (accessed via type(None)). 2. Built-in methods Built-in methods in Python are typically methods … Read more
Chapter 1: A Complete Guide to PyBind 11: Understanding Efficient Binding of C++ and Python PyBind11 is a lightweight header library that seamlessly exposes C++ code to Python, enabling high-performance cross-language calls. It leverages modern C++ (C++11 and above) features to generate efficient bindings at compile time, making it more concise and easier to use … Read more
I. Introduction to Pandas 1. Introduction Pandas is an open-source Python data analysis library that provides high-performance, easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools. The name Pandas comes from “Panel Data,” and it is primarily used for processing structured data, such as tabular data and time-series data . Built on top of the NumPy library, Pandas inherits … Read more
1. Introduction: A ubiquitous “magic phrase” In the process of learning Python, whether reading other people’s code or writing your own scripts, you will almost always encounter the following seemingly “mysterious” code: This code snippet, especially if __name__ == ‘__main__’ the conditional statement, represents a crucial and fundamental concept in Python programming. For beginners, it might seem … Read more